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Why Use Molded Pulp Packaging? |
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A
Acid Free (Neutral pH):
Papers that are without acid in the
pulp. Acid free papers have a pH of
7.0. If prepared properly, papers made
from any fiber can be acid free.
Acid Migration:
The transfer of acid from an acidic
material to a less acidic or neutral-pH
material. Occurs when neutral materials
are exposed to atmospheric pollutants
or when two paper materials come in
contact. Acid can also migrate from
adhesives, boards, endpapers, protective
tissues, paper covers, acidic art
supplies, and memorabilia.
Alum:
An astringent crystalline substance
used in rosin sizing to hold paper
fibers together; responsible for introducing
acid into the paper.
Antique:
A printing paper with a rough finish
but good printing surface, valued
in book printing for its high volume
characteristics.
Archival Paper:
A paper with long-standing qualities,
acid free, lignin free, usually with
good color retention.
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B
Buffering:
The neutralizing of acids in paper by
adding an alkaline substance (usually
calcium carbonate or magnesium carbonate)
into the paper pulp. The buffer acts
as a protection from the acid in the
paper or from pollution in the environment.
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C
Caliper:
The thickness of paper expressed in
thousands of an inch.
Cellulose:
The chief constituent of the cell walls
of all plants. All plants contain tissue
that, when properly processed, will
yield cellulose. Cotton in its raw state
contains about 91% and is the purest
form of natural cellulose. Other sources
for papermaking include hemp (77%),
softwoods & hardwoods (57% to 65%),
and kozo (66% to 77%).
Cold Pressed:
A paper surface with slight texture
produced by pressing the finished sheet
between cold cylinders.
Cotton Linters:
Fibers that adhere to cottonseed after
ginning. Used as raw material to produce
pulp for cotton fiber content papers
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D
Deckle Edge:
The feathery edge which is the result
of the natural run-off of wet pulp when
making handmade and mouldmade paper,
or the result of sheets being torn when
wet. The edge is simulated in machine
made papers by cutting them with a stream
of water when still wet.
Dimensional Stability:
The degree to which a paper will maintain
its size and shape when subjected to
changes in moisture content and relative
humidity.
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F
Felt Finish:
Surface characteristics of paper formed
at the wet end of a paper machine, using
woven wool or synthetic felts with distinctive
patterns to create a similar texture
in the finish sheets.
Felt Side:
The top side of the paper, usually recommended
for best printing results.
Fiber:
The slender, thread-like cellulose structures
that cohere to form a sheet of paper.
Filler:
A generic term to describe the non-oxidizing
clays or minerals added to the pulp
at the beater stage to improve paper
density.
Finishing:
The cutting, sorting, trimming and
packing of paper.
Formation:
The arrangement of fibers in a sheet
of paper; can be seen by holding it
up to a light source.
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G
Gampi:
A bast fiber from the gampi tree used
in Japanese papermaking to yield a smooth,
strong sheet.
Grain:
Direction of fibers in a sheet of paper.
Long grain describes fibers running
parallel to the longest side of a sheet.
short grain running parallel to the
short side.
Grams per square meter:
The gram weight of a hypothetical square
meter of a particular type of paper,
a good comparative measure because it
does not vary with sheet size.
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H
Handmade Paper:
Paper made by hand using a mould (a
frame covered with a flat, rigid screen
or flexible screen). In both cases the
mould is covered by a flat frame called
a deckle, to contain the run-off of
wet pulp, dipped into a vat of wet pulp,
shaken to distribute the fibers evenly
and drained of its excess water. The
wet mat of fibers remaining in the newly
formed sheet is then dried against blankets
& may be hot pressed, cold pressed,
or air dried.
Hot Pressed:
A paper surface that is smooth, produced
by pressing a finished sheet through
hot cylinders.
High Alpha Cellulose:
A very pure form of wood pulp which
is considered to have the same longevity
as cotton or other plant fibers.
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K
Kozo:
The most common fiber used in Japanese
papermaking, it comes from the mulberry
tree. A long, tough fiber that produces
strong, absorbent sheets.
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L
Laid Papers:
Papers with a "grid" pattern
in the sheet, resulting from the pulp
resting against wires on the papermaking
mould screen. "Laid" lines
are closely spaced while "chain"
lines are farther apart & run parallel
with the grain direction of the sheet,
important when folding papers, especially
to bookbinders.
Lightfastness:
The speed at which a pigment or colored
paper fades in sunlight.
Lignin:
A component of the cell walls of plants
that occurs naturally, along with
cellulose. Lignin is largely responsible
for the strength and rigidity of plants,
but its presence in paper is believed
to contribute to chemical degradation.
To a large extent, Lignin can be removed
during manufacturing.
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M
Machinemade Paper:
Paper made on a very rapid running machine
called a "Fourdrinier", producing
consistent quantities of sheets or rolls.
Methylcellulose:
A pure adhesive which dries clear. Suitable
for archival mounting.
Mitsumata:
A bast fiber used in Japanese papermaking
that yields a soft, absorbent and lustrous
quality.
Mouldmade Paper:
Paper made by a slowly rotating machine
called a cylinder mould that simulates
the hand-papermaking process. Fibers
become more randomly intertwined than
in machinemade papers, producing a stronger,
more flexible sheet or roll.
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N
Nap:
A slight surface texture of some writing
surfaces.
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P
Parchment:
Animal skins or linings stretched and
prepared as writing/painting surfaces.
Produces a smooth, buttery surface.
Ply:
A single layer of paper. A term used
when several sheets of paper are laminated
together to form a board.
Pulp:
Any cellulose plant fiber cleaned
and beaten into a wet mixture used
to form sheets of paper.
pH:
In chemistry, pH is a measure of the
concentration of hydrogen ions in
a solution, which is a measure of
acidity or alkalinity. The pH scale
runs from 0 to 14 and each number
indicates a ten fold increase. Seven
is pH neutral: numbers below 7 indicate
increasing acidity, with 1 being the
most acid. Numbers above 7 indicate
increased alkalinity with 14 being
the most alkaline. Paper with a pH
below 5 is considered highly acidic.
Buffered papers typically have a pH
between 8.5 and 9.5.
PVA (Polyvinylacetate):
An archival white glue that is stronger
than gel medium. It mixes well with
gloss medium. Transparent even after
many coats and remains water soluble.
Mixed with gel it becomes water resistant.
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R
Rag:
Formerly the principal raw material
used in the making process; often meaning
cotton rags. Rag content describes the
amount of cotton fiber relative to the
total amount of material used in the
pulp. "Rag content" is not
widely used (or is a misnomer) today
as more and more high quality paper
is made not from rag but from linters.
Rice Paper:
A common misnomer used to describe Oriental
papers. There are no papers made from
rice, although rice starch was traditionally
used to size papers made of Kozo (mulberry
plant), Gampi, or Mitsumata.
Rough:
A heavily textured paper surface produced
by placing wet sheets of paper against
textured blankets or air drying (or
both).
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S
Size or Sizing:
The process by which gelatin rosin,
starch or other synthetic substance
is added to paper to provide resistence
to the absorption of moisture or eliminating
ink feathering and bleed through. Sizing
added to the beater or vat of pulp is
known as internal sizing. After a sheet
is formed, it may be either surface
sized (painted or brushed on the surface),
or tub sized (immersed in a bath).
Sulphite:
Sulphite pulp is produced from the wood
of coniferous trees. Wood chips are
cooked in calcium bisulphate or sodium
sulphite, and bleached, producing fairly
long strong fibers. Since the end of
the 1860's until recent years, it has
been the most widely used pulp in America.
In fact, the term"sulphite"
has become generic and is still accurately
used to describe any paper made from
wood in distinction from papers made
from cotton or other fibers. Sulphite
pulp is available in a range of grades
up to pure alpha cellulose.
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T
Tooth:
A very slight surface texture of paper
preferred for dry media such as charcoal
and pastel
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V
Vellum:
A paper surface that is finely textural.
Vellum is also used to designate heavy
weight, translucent drawing of drafting
papers.
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W
Waterleaf:
A paper with little or no sizing.
Very absorbent.
Watermark:
The translucent design or name easily
visible when a sheet is held to the
light. A design is sewn onto the papermaking
screen with raised wire. When the
sheet is formed, the pulp settles
in a thinner layer over the wire design.
Web:
The continuous ribbon of paper, in
its full width, during any stage of
its progress through the paper machine.
Wheat Paste:
A preferred archival adhesive for
book arts.
Wove paper:
Papers which show no fine "laid"
lines running through the sheet when
held to the light. ***************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************** |
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